Section 1: born -- Annapolis, Maryland\ Hawaii\ Long Island, NY\ Philadelphia\ Washington D.C.\ St. Vincent College -- Western Pennsylvania\ Georgetown University -- Law School\ National Park Service -- Division of Plans and Objectives; 1971\ National Park Service -- environmental education; writing\ Reynolds, John -- now head of Denver Service Center\ Kobuk -- proposal and Environmental Impact Statement\ father -- navy officer; dentist\ Puerto Rico -- San Juan; influence of\ politics -- left leaning\ National Park Service -- visionary, concerned with American Experience\ Brewster, Kingman\ Peters, Clay -- Parks Committee|

Section 2: Alaska -- great opportunity\ Environmental Impact Statement -- team put in final form\ National Environmental Study Area -- guide on how to do environmental education\ Kobuk -- final edit\ Environmental Impact Statment -- difficult\ Gates of the Arctic\ Lake Clark\ Congress -- deadline, Dec 21, 1973\ legislation -- would plan around studies\ Paige, Amy\ social scientists\ planning -- Alaska should be different\ Bureau of Land Management -- would lose acre for every park acre gained\ conflict -- interagency\ Noatak Resource Reserve\ Fish and Wildlife Service\ Kenai Fjords National Park\ Copper River Delta\ Wrangell-St. Elias\ Chukchi-Immaruk -- Bering Land Bridge\ Morton, Roger\ Reed, Nat\ resources -- contention over\ wilderness -- defacto\ Washington D.C. -- assembled\ Brown, Bill|

Section 3: Belous, Bob\ Newman, Stell\ subsistence\ sport hunting\ uniforms\ Task Force\ Henson, Al\ Swem, Ted -- chairman of Alaska Planning Group\ Refault, Bill\ villages -- relation of planning effort to\ Trexler, Keith -- rewrote master plans\ Secretary of the Interior -- separate planning group\ control -- emanated from higher up and often at odds with planning\ Task Force recommendations\ Kauffmannn, John -- wanted wandering rights\ Nunamiut National Wildlands\ Gates of the Arctic\ John River Valley\ Anaktuvuk Pass\ Reed, Nat\ Bolan, Buff\ policy -- decision-making hard to trace\ Office of Management and Budget -- agenda\ policy -- cooperative management plans thrown out at last minute, defeating purpose\ Natives -- Kauffmannn's plans with them thrown out\ sport hunting -- accepted\ Helmerick, Bud -- guiding area\ Walker Lake\ guides -- opposed park\ political process -- based on negotiation, like it or not|

Section 4: Kauffmann, John\ Brown, Bill\ sport hunting\ Jones, Randy\ Yukon-Charley Rivers\ Wrangell-St. Elias\ boundaries -- were established for political reasons\ politics -- passionate, contentious\ Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act\ Alaska National Interests Lands Conservation Act -- uniqueness of Alaska is reflected in it\ Congress -- unofficial rule, don't accept concessions if other party will vote against the result\ Young, Don\ park planners -- those who neglected political process felt betrayed|

Section 5: data -- critical to know your facts\ Alaska -- often lost by basing arguments on false evidence\ lock-up -- false image\ deals -- fewer sleazy deals, more factual requirements\ negotiation\ Bonyer, David -- Junior Congressman\ Tsongass, Paul\ Kostmeyer, Peter\ Burton, Phil\ Amendments -- young Congressmen often had great impact\ burnout -- by 1978, people running out of energy\ Swem, Ted -- "Keep your eye on the star"\ agencies -- learning other perspectives\ Fish and Wildlife Service -- advocates of sport hunting\ Alaska residents -- cooperative management goal, but ineffective because of lack of basis; position poorly articulated|

Section 6: Brown, Bill\ Yukon-Charley Rivers\ Antiquities Act -- created by legal action of Alaska; no choice, brought it on\ politics -- not bureaucratic control, but political\ Stevens, Senator Ted -- effective because he understands how it works\ broken faith -- breach was that those we spoke with in the field didn't support the Act; hence they lost|

Section 7: Gates of the Arctic\ National Park Service\ Alaska -- people avoid government\ state -- 100 million acres of land\ D-2 -- compromise\ Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act\ land -- management\ land -- federally owned\ Alaska -- cooperative management\ conservation\ pipeline -- construction\ Prudhoe Bay\ land selections -- block D-2 areas\ Saylor, Congressman\ Udall, Congressman\ Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act -- negotiations\ D-2 withdrawls\ Bureau of Land Management -- didn't believe in giving away large chunks of land\ Lower 48 -- checkerboard lands\ Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act\ conservation\ Alaska -- wilderness\ Mineral Act\ laws -- enforcement|

Section 8: politics\ Natives -- 1960's; learned tactics\ pipeline\ Russia -- U.S. promised in 1867 to deal with Native issue\ law -- whites, no historical precedent\ oil -- only reason land settlement took place\ Prudhoe Bay\ political process -- determines policy\ Alaska -- enormously effective in what it has gotten\ revenue -- from wildlife refuges\ federal estate percentage\ demography -- most urbanized state in America\ resources -- comparatively few conflicts\ Alaska National Wildlife Refuge\ Southeast Forests\ cooperative management -- favored allowing subsistence for newcomers\ Stevens, Senator Ted -- flexible system\ Native preference\ Native Subsistence Commission -- never effectively utilized\ authority -- tripartite; state; federal; citizen\ Melcher, Senator\ Hanson, Senator\ National Rifle Association -- felt parks should be managed differently\ Alaska -- state opposed giving citizens management authority, and still does\ Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act -- allows special uses for Alaskans|

Section 9: guns -- personal protection\ access -- rights of\ compromises -- found in no other land law in America\ management -- flexibility\ revenue -- from resources\ impact -- on federal law\ Alaska Lands Council\ National Park Service lands -- discussion of acreage; disputed figures\ history -- ninety-nine percent of Alaska was federal land before any of this started\ Alaska -- state of; thirty to forty percent in private or state uses\ Naske, Claus\ Nevada -- ninety percent is owned by the federal government\ National Park Service -- fifty to fifty-five million acres; of three hundred seventy-five acres|

Section 10: National Parks -- first time established over objection of Congressional Committee\ Natives -- originally favored establishing refuges\ Alaskans -- diverse perspectives\ wilderness protection -- desire was present in Alaska\ law -- enormously responsive\ Stevens, Senator Ted -- got things for Alaska\ environmentalists -- felt too much development\ pipeline corridors -- most flexible Bureau of Land Management policy\ Naske, Claus -- enormous hostility to conservation areas\ Real Alaska Coalition\ "CEMAL" Industry Group -- unsupportable claims\ Gravel, Mike Senator\ Stevens, Senator -- wife killed\ Abrams, Elliot\ Gravel -- shot his mouth off\ Natural Monuments\ Porchot, Pat\ Alaska -- many visions were realized\ development -- price, conservation areas established|

Section 11: Bureau of Land Management -- rules most lenient anywhere in nation\ Wild and Scenic Rivers\ Wildlife Refuges -- allow oil development, timber, etc.\ Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act\ Wilderness Act -- passed only in previous decade, not surprising most is in Alaska\ National Park Service -- wanted different kind of park than in Lower 48\ Katmai -- brown bears\ ecosystems -- enormously large in Alaska\ caribou -- western herd\ Porcupine Caribou Herd\ U.S. Fish and Wildlife\ fly-way -- multinational agreements\ Alaska -- life is stretched thin\ Gates of the Arctic -- subsistence\ boundaries -- set to accommodate speculative mining interests|

Section 12: Gates of the Arctic -- issues\ conservation\ Brooks Range -- western\ factors -- relevant to formation of park\ ultimate wilderness\ Marshall, Bob\ romanticism\ Arctic caribou herd -- crash of; turn of century, 1970's; theories\ Killik Lake -- west side of Gates\ Alaska Department of Fish and Game\ Petroleum Reserve\ Cooperative Management\ American Heritage -- more than just the land; people\ subsistence -- wanted to protect\ ecosystem -- plan for management to include culture\ minerals -- copper belts\ Santini, Congressman\ exclusions -- parts of Kobuk, John, Koyukuk Rivers; entire north side of Brooks Range\ Nixon\ marten\ Carter, Jimmy\ Gates of the Arctic -- lost idea of being total ecosystem to development interests\ oil/gas pipelines\ inholdings -- placer mines\ Mining Act\ Hammond River\ Andrus, Cecil Secretary\ Antiquities Act\ boundary issues|